Ancient Wisdom

In the 13th-century Vulgate Cycle, the Round Table at Camelot held 150 seats—except one. The Siege Perilous, installed by Merlin himself, remained perpetually vacant. Any knight who sat there before achieving the Grail would be swallowed by the...

At 2 AM in a sixth-century Italian monastery, a bell rings. Monks rise from wooden beds, file into a cold chapel, and sing psalms for forty minutes. Then they return to sleep—but only until 5 AM, when another bell summons them again. To modern...

In nineteenth-century Tonga, before a commoner could approach the Tu'i Tonga—the sacred paramount chief—they had to navigate an intricate spatial protocol. They couldn't simply walk up and speak. The distance they maintained, the angle...

In 1140, a Burgundian monk named Aymeric Picaud compiled the Codex Calixtinus, a guide for pilgrims walking to Santiago de Compostela. Buried in his practical advice about safe lodging and drinkable water sources was a peculiar instruction: pilgrims...

When Spanish conquistadors arrived in Cusco in 1532, they encountered something that baffled them: an empire of ten million people spanning 2,500 miles of mountainous terrain, administered without a single written word. The Inka had no alphabet, no...

In 13th-century German guild towns, a craftsman who had completed his apprenticeship faced an unexpected requirement before achieving master status: he had to leave. The Wanderjahr—literally "wandering year"—forced journeymen to spend...

In 1587, young Lachlan Maclean of Duart spent his thirteenth year not in his father's castle on the Isle of Mull, but seventy miles away in the household of Clan Campbell—his family's sworn enemies. This wasn't kidnapping. It was...

In Book VII of the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle wrestles with a problem that perplexed him more than questions of virtue or happiness: akrasia, often translated as "weakness of will" but more precisely meaning "acting against...

In the Marshall Islands, somewhere between the 12th and 16th centuries, master navigators developed the mattang—a stick chart made of coconut fronds lashed together with cowrie shells marking island positions and curved sticks representing wave...

In the Mande-speaking regions of West Africa, from the thirteenth-century Mali Empire through today, griots—the hereditary oral historians known as jeli—practice something that seems contradictory to their role as memory keepers. Every seven...